[Physical inactivity in young people during home confinement due to COVID-19]. / Inactividad física en jóvenes durante el confinamiento en casa debido a la COVID-19.

Background: Physical inactivity is a highly prevalent condition in the world and has been associated with increased susceptibility to develop comorbidities and present with severe respiratory distress syndrome due to COVID-19. Objective: To identify the factors present in the family environment and the personal reasons associated with physical inactivity in young people during confinement at home due to COVID-19. Material and methods: A cross-sectional study analyzed data from 1,326 young people, ages 15 - 18. To collect information, a questionnaire was constructed using the Google Forms tool and distributed through the WhatsApp application and email to collect the information. Results: The prevalence of physical inactivity was 43.4%. Approximately 24.4% were overweight, and 8.8% were obese. Near 43.0% of young people reported living in an environment with a dysfunctional family. The multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that suffering from obesity, does not have space at home, or devices to exercise and present a change in emotions, are related to the physical inactivity of young people during confinement at home due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Conclusions: It is important to promote a harmonious environment within the family and the personal development of a healthy lifestyle, during the period of application of the contingency plan due to the presence of a pandemic, in order to maintain a better healthy physical and mental state.

Introducción: la inactividad física es una condición altamente prevalente en el mundo y ha sido asociada con una mayor susceptibilidad para desarrollar comorbilidades y presentar síndrome de distrés respiratorio agudo por COVID-19. Objetivo: identificar los factores presentes en el entorno familiar y los motivos personales asociados a la inactividad física en jóvenes durante el confinamiento en casa debido a la COVID-19. Material y métodos: mediante un estudio transversal se analizaron los datos de 1326 jóvenes de 15 a 18 años. Para la recogida de la información se construyó un cuestionario mediante la herramienta de Google Forms y se distribuyó a través de la aplicación de WhatsApp y por correo electrónico. Resultados: la prevalencia de inactividad física fue del 43.4%. Aproximadamente, el 24.4% sufría de sobrepeso y el 8.8% de obesidad. El 42.8% de los jóvenes declaró vivir en el ambiente de una familia disfuncional. El análisis de regresión logística multivariado mostró que tener obesidad, no contar con espacio en casa, ni aparatos para realizar ejercicio y presentar un cambio en las emociones, se relaciona con la inactividad física de los jóvenes durante el confinamiento en casa. Conclusión: es importante promover un ambiente armónico en el seno familiar, así como el desarrollo personal de un estilo de vida saludable durante el periodo de aplicación del plan de contingencia debido a la presencia de una pandemia, con la finalidad de mantener un mejor estado físico y mental saludable.

[Asthma-associated oral and dental health repercussions in children aged 6 to 12 years]. / Repercusiones en la salud bucodental asociadas con el asma en niños de 6 a 12 años de edad.

BACKGROUND: Asthma, which is characterized by mouth breathing and by the use of drugs for its treatment, affects between 1 and 30% of children and adolescents. There are only few studies reporting its impact on the oral cavity. OBJECTIVE: To find out the most common asthma-associated repercussions in 6 to 12-year-old children. METHODS: Cross-sectional, comparative, analytical study carried out in 2 primary schools from Coclique, Veracruz, Mexico, in 6 to 12-year-old children. The International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood (ISAAC) questionnaire for parents was used. RESULTS: In a population of 409 children, a prevalence of asthma of 6.84% (n = 28) was found, which was higher in males (15, 54%); boys aged 6, 7 and 11 years and girls aged 8, 9 and 10 years were most affected. Risk factors for oral manifestations were acidic pH (OR = 170), caries (OR = 4.29), anterior open bite (OR = 66.78), gingivitis (OR = 9.75), atypical swallowing (OR = 15.70) and high-arched palate (OR = 45.60). CONCLUSION: Children with chronic conditions such as asthma require an oral and dental preventive program as part of their interdisciplinary care.

Antecedentes: El asma, caracterizada por respiración bucal y el uso de fármacos para su tratamiento, afecta entre 1 y 30 % de los niños y adolescentes. Son pocos los estudios que reportan las repercusiones en la cavidad bucal. Objetivos: Conocer las repercusiones en la salud bucodental más asociadas con el asma en niños de 6 a 12 años de edad. Métodos: Estudio transversal, analítico y comparativo en 2 escuelas primarias de Cosoleacaque, Veracruz, México, en niños de 6 a 12 años. Se utilizó el cuestionario "Estudio internacional de alergia y asma en niños" (ISAAC) para padres. Resultados: En una población de 409 niños se encontró una prevalencia de asma de 6.84 % (n = 28), mayor en los hombres (54-15 %); los varones de 6, 7 y 11 años fueron los más afectados y las niñas de 8, 9 y 10 años. Las manifestaciones orales con factor de riesgo fueron pH ácido (OR = 170), caries (OR = 4.29), mordida abierta anterior (OR = 66.78), gingivitis (OR = 9.75), deglución atípica (OR =15.70) y paladar ojival (OR = 45.60). Conclusión: Los niños con enfermedades crónicas como el asma requieren un plan de prevención bucodental como por parte de su atención interdisciplinar.

Resistencia al cizallamiento utilizando adhesivo de grabado total y autograbante con y sin hipoclorito de sodio en dentina / Shear strength using total and self etching adhesive with and without sodium hypochlorite in dentin

Es un estudio de investigación cuantitativo donde el objetivo fue determinar la resistencia al cizallamiento utilizando adhesivo de grabado total y autograbante, introduciendo la desproteinización con NaOCl al 5.25 por ciento en dentina y comparar sus valores de resistencia. El estudio se realizó en 31 molares seccionados mesiodistalmente y vestibulo lingual, obteniendo 124 especímenes, se suspendieron en acrílico, pulieron y colocaron en refrigeración a 36 oC durante 48 horas; fueron clasificados en grupos A: Prime & Bond NT, B: NaOCl + Prime & Bond NT, C: NaOCl + Xeno® IV y D: Xeno® IV; se fotoactivó un cilindro de resina compuesta ESTHET-X HD de Dentsply, se mantuvo por 24 horas en horno Felisa con 100 por ciento de humedad, finalmente se probaron en la máquina INSTRON a una velocidad de 1 m/min. Se obtuvieron los siguientes promedios, grupos: A: 6.26, B: 7.71, C: 12.03 y D: 15.06 MPa. Para el grupo C y D que pertenecen al grupo autograbante, fueron estadísticamente significativos para el sustrato dentinal. NaOCl no mostró significancia entre los grupos.

It is a quantitative research where the objective was to determinethe shear strength using total and self etching adhesive, introducing de proteinization with 5.25% NaOCl in dentin and comparing its resistance values. The study was performed on 31 mesiodistally andbuccololingual sectioned molars, obtaining 124 specimens, suspended in acrylic, polished and placed in refrigeration at 36 oC for 48 hours;Were classified into groups A: Prime & Bond NT, B: NaOCl + Prime& Bond NT, C: NaOCl + Xeno® IV and D: Xeno® IV; A: DentsplyESTHET-X HD composite resin cylinder was photoactivated, kept for24 hours in a Felisa oven with 100% humidity, finally tested on theINSTRON machine at a speed of 1 mm/min. The following averageswere obtained, groups: A: 6.26, B: 7.71, C: 12.03 and D: 15.06 MPa.For group C and D belonging to the self-etching group, they werestatistically significant for the dentinal substrate. NaOCl, showed nosignificance between the groups.

Dos conductos en la raíz distovestibular del primer molar maxilar: revisión bibliográfica y reporte de caso clínico / Maxillary first molar with two canals in the distobuccal root: a review of the literature and report of a clinical case

La incidencia de dos conductos en la raíz distovestibular en un primer molar maxilar es una variación anatómica poco frecuente del sistema de conductos. Los investigadores han demostrado múltiples forámenes, conductos adicionales, furcaciones, deltas, conexiones entre conductos, conductos en forma de C y conductos accesorios. Este reporte de caso clínico presenta el tratamiento de un primer molar maxilar con dos conductos en la raíz ovestibular. Se muestra clínicamente la presencia dedos conductos distovestibulares tipo 2-1, los cuales se instrumentaron manualmente con técnica corono- apical con limas K-Flexofi le de 25 mm y se obturaron con la técnica de condensación lateral, con conos de gutapercha, conos accesorios número FF, F y cemento Sealapex. Después del tratamiento se selló el diente con cemento temporal y se refirió para realizar la restauración defi nitiva...

The presence of two canals in the distobuccal root of a maxillary fi rst molar is a rare anatomical variation of the canal systems. Investigators have shown multiple foramina, additional canals, furcations, deltas, intercanal connections, C-shaped canals, and accessory canals. This clinical case reports the clinical treatment of a maxillary fi rst molar with two canals in the distobuccal root. We present a clinical case involving the presence of the two 2-1-type distobuccal canals. Manual instrumentation was performed using the crown-down technique with the aid of 25 mm K-fl exofi le fi les. The canals were fi lled using the lateral condensation technique and gutta-percha cones, FF and F accessory cones, and Sealapex cement. Following the treatment, the tooth was sealed with temporary cement and the patient was referred for fi nal restoration. The aim of this paper is to examine the anatomical variations that can occur in the root canal system and the technologies that can be used to correctly identify the location of additional canals.

Prevalencia de variaciones cronológicas de la erupción dental de los incisivos centrales inferiores permanentes / Prevalence of variations in the chronology of permanent lower central incisors eruption

El desarrollo general del niño está asociado a la erupción dental. Los estudios epidemiológicos sobre la cronología de la erupción dental aportan información de las características de estas variaciones según la región o lugar donde se realice. La experiencia clínica ha demostrado que la población mexicana presenta patrones de erupción dental que no coinciden con los estándares establecidos. Objetivo:Estimar la prevalencia de variaciones cronológicas de la erupción de los incisivos centrales inferiores permanentes. Material y métodos: Estudio tipo observacional, transversal, descriptivo. Resultados: La muestra se conformó por 424 niños entre 5 y 9 años, siendo 203 (48 por ciento) hombres y 221 (52 por ciento) mujeres. Se observó un ligera ventaja de erupción dental en mujeres en comparación con hemiarcadas, no hubo cambios relevantes y en comparación con la tabla de Hurme se observó retraso en la edad de erupción dental. Conclusiones: El promedio de erupción dental está retrasado en nuestra población en comparación con la estudiada por Hurme. Para obtener resultados más generales y acordes con nuestra población es conveniente seguir realizando estudios más amplios en los que se considere: mayor población, ampliar el rango de edad y tomar en cuenta variables como estatura y peso. También es importante realizar tablas de cronología de erupción dental para niños mexicanos tomando como referencia los estudios realizados en otros países

There is a relation between children’s general development and tooth eruption. The information provided by epidemiological studies on the chronology of tooth eruption detail the characteristics of these variations according to the specific location or region where the study is conducted. Clinical experience has shown that Mexican population tooth eruption patterns do not match established standards. Objective:To estimate the prevalence of variations in the chronology of permanent lower-central incisor eruption. Material and methods: An observational, cross-sectional, descriptive study. results: The sample consisted of 424 children between 5 and 9 years old, 203 (48%) male and 221 (52%) female. The females observed a slightly more advanced eruption. No significant deviations were found in the comparison of hemi-arcades and a slight delay in eruption age compared to the Hurme table was observed. conclusions: Average tooth...

Association between obesity and dental caries in a group of preschool children in Mexico.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to determine the association between obesity and caries by utilizing the data of a cohort of preschool children aged 4-5 years. METHODS: Data were obtained from a cohort of 1,160 children. Dental caries detection was performed according to the World Health Organization criteria. The caries index was measured as the number of decayed (d), extracted (e), and filled (f) teeth (t) (deft), or surfaces (defs). The body mass index (BMI) in units of kg/m2 was determined, and children were categorized according to age- and gender-specific criteria as normal weight (5th-85th percentile), at-risk overweight (> or = 85th-<95th percentile), and overweight (> or = 95th percentile). Odds ratios were determined for at-risk overweight and overweight children using logistic regression. RESULTS: The prevalence of dental caries was 17.9 percent. A slightly higher percentage of dental caries was found in boys (19.6 percent) than in girls (16.4 percent). From the total sample, the mean BMI was 17.10 +/- 3.83. Approximately 53.7 percent of children were classified as normal weight, 14.2 percent as at-risk overweight, and 32.1 percent as overweight. At-risk overweight children were higher among girls (17.1 percent) than among boys (11.3 percent). When adjusted for covariates, the logistic regression model showed that there was a significant association between at-risk overweight children (P < 0.001), overweight children (P < 0.001), and caries in the primary dentition. Mean (SD) deft value of the sample was 1.08 (2.34), while the corresponding defs value was 1.43 (3.29). CONCLUSION: Obesity appears to be associated with dental caries in the primary dentition of preschool Mexican children.

[Asthma prevalence in adolescents. Relation to sex and active smoking]. / Prevalencia de asma en adolescentes. Relación con el sexo y el tabaquismo activo.

BACKGROUND: Asthma prevalence in adolescents appears to be increasing and determinants are not well established. OBJECTIVE: To determine the association between sex and active smoking with asthma prevalence in adolescents. PARTICIPANTS AND METHOD: In this cross-sectional study 6,922 students, ages 12 to 18 years, residents in an area of northeastern Mexico, were included. We developed a questionnaire based on The International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood (ISAAC) and on The European Community Respiratory Health Survey (ECRHS). The association between sex and active smoking with asthma prevalence was determined using a logistic regression model. RESULTS: Of the total population, 46.3% were males, 7.3% suffered from asthma and 17.3% were cigarette smokers. We found that sex (OR = 0.55; CI 95%: 0.48-0.63) and active smoking (adjusted OR = 1.12; CI 95%: 0.89-1.42) were not associated with asthma prevalence. Females (OR = 1.44; CI 95%: 1.13-1.84) and active smoking (adjusted OR = 1.38; CI 95%: 1.15-1.67) were associated with prevalence of wheezing in the last 12 months, and with prevalence of dry cough at night (OR = 1.53; CI 95%: 1.34-1.76). CONCLUSIONS: Teenager males and active smoking were not associated with asthma prevalence. Females had an association with wheezing in the last 12 months and dry cough at night.

[Associations between family history of allergy, exposure to tobacco smoke, active smoking, obesity, and asthma in adolescents]. / Asociación entre atopia familiar, exposición a humo de tabaco, tabaquismo activo, obesidad y asma en adolescentes.

OBJECTIVE: The relationships between asthma in adolescents and various environmental and social exposures needs to be clarified. The aim of this study was to determine the association between family history of allergy, passive or active tobacco smoking, obesity, and asthma in adolescents. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: A population-based case-control study was carried out. A random sample of 4003 students aged 13 to 18 years old was selected from secondary and preparatory schools in an urban area in northeastern Mexico. Data was gathered in physical examinations and with a questionnaire administered by trained staff. Two study groups were formed: a group of 253 adolescents with asthma and a control group of students without asthma. RESULTS: Variables associated with asthma were family history of allergy (odds ratio [OR], 1.62; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.28-2.06), passive smoking (OR, 1.53; 95% CI, 1.18-1.99), and obesity (OR, 1.96; 95% CI, 1.45-2.65). Female gender and active smoking were unrelated to asthma. The percentage of obese adolescents was higher in the group of asthmatics (18.2%) than in the control group (12.8%). CONCLUSIONS: Family history of allergy, passive tobacco smoking, and obesity seem to be the main risk factors for the development of asthma in adolescents. The relationship of active smoking and asthma requires further study.

Asociación entre atopia familiar, exposición a humo de tabaco, tabaquismo activo, obesidad y asma en adolescentes / Associations between family history of allergy, exposure to tobacco smoke, active smoking, obesity, and asthma in adolescents

Objetivo: Es necesario aclarar la relación entre varias exposiciones ambientales y sociales y el asma en la población adolescente. El objetivo de este estudio ha sido determinar la asociación entre la atopia familiar, la inhalación pasiva o activa de humo de tabaco, la obesidad y el asma en adolescentes. Sujetos y métodos: Se ha realizado un estudio de casos y controles basado en un estudio de población. Se encuestó a 4.003 estudiantes de 13 a 18 años de edad, seleccionados aleatoriamente, que acudían a escuelas de secundaria y preparatoria de un área urbana del nordeste de México. La información sobre las variables estudiadas se recabó a través de la exploración física y de la aplicación de un cuestionario por parte de personal capacitado. Se formaron 2 grupos de estudio: uno compuesto por 253 adolescentes con asma, y un grupo control formado por estudiantes sin asma. Resultados: De los resultados se desprende que la atopia familiar (odds ratio [OR] = 1,62; intervalo de confianza [IC] del 95%, 1,28-2,06), la exposición involuntaria al humo de tabaco (OR = 1,53; IC del 95%, 1,18-1,99) y la obesidad (OR = 1,96; IC del 95%, 1,45-2,65) se encuentran asociadas con el asma en adolescentes. El sexo femenino y el tabaquismo activo no se relacionan con dicha enfermedad. El porcentaje de obesos fue mayor en el grupo de adolescentes con asma (18,2%) que en el grupo control (12,8%). Conclusiones: La atopia familiar, la inhalación involuntaria de humo de tabaco y la obesidad parecen ser los factores de riesgo más importantes para el desarrollo de asma en adolescentes. La relación entre tabaquismo activo y asma requiere una mejor evaluación

Objective: The relationships between asthma in adolescents and various environmental and social exposures needs to be clarified. The aim of this study was to determine the association between family history of allergy, passive or active tobacco smoking, obesity, and asthma in adolescents. Subjects and methods: A population­based case­control study was carried out. A random sample of 4003 students aged 13 to 18 years old was selected from secondary and preparatory schools in an urban area in northeastern Mexico. Data was gathered in physical examinations and with a questionnaire administered by trained staff. Two study groups were formed: a group of 253 adolescents with asthma and a control group of students without asthma. Results: Variables associated with asthma were family history of allergy (odds ratio [OR], 1.62; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.28-2.06), passive smoking (OR, 1.53; 95% CI, 1.18-1.99), and obesity (OR, 1.96; 95% CI, 1.45-2.65). Female gender and active smoking were unrelated to asthma. The percentage of obese adolescents was higher in the group of asthmatics (18.2%) than in the control group (12.8%). Conclusions: Family history of allergy, passive tobacco smoking, and obesity seem to be the main risk factors for the development of asthma in adolescents. The relationship of active smoking and asthma requires further study